General Chemistry/Useful Equations

	General Chemistry
Book Cover · Introduction · v t e
Units: Matter · Atomic Structure · Bonding · Reactions · Solutions · Phases of Matter · Equilibria · Kinetics · Thermodynamics · The Elements
Appendices: Periodic Table · Units · Constants · Equations · Reduction Potentials · Elements and their Properties

Density	$\frac{m a s s}{v o l u m e}$
Moles	$\frac{g i v e n m a s s (g)}{g r a m f o r m u l a m a s s}$
Percent Error	$\frac{m e a s u r e d - a c c e p t e d}{a c c e p t e d} \times 100 %$
Percent Composition (by mass)	$\frac{m a s s o f p a r t}{m a s s o f w h o l e} \times 100 %$
Molarity	$\frac{m o l e s o f s o l u t e}{v o l u m e o f s o l u t i o n}$
Molality	$\frac{m o l e s o f s o l u t e}{m a s s o f s o l v e n t i n k g}$
Rate of Reaction	$\frac{D i f f e r e n c e i n q u a n t i t y}{D i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e}$
de Broglie's law	$λ$ = $\frac{h}{m v}$

Symbol	Meaning	Symbol	Meaning
$E$	energy	$c$	speed of light
$v$	frequency	$λ$	wavelength
$Q$	charge	$r$	distance
$k_{e}$	Coulomb's constant	$h$	Plank's constant H/nkne

Symbol	Meaning
$P$	pressure
$V$	volume
$n$	number of moles
$T$	temperature (in Kelvin)
$K_{f}$	molal freezing point constant
$K_{b}$	molal boiling point constant
$χ$	mole fraction
$m$	molality
$M$	molarity
$c$	specific heat capacity
$M_{w}$	mass of water (Kg)
$E_{h}$	heat energy released

Symbol	Meaning
$K_{e q}$	equilibrium constant (general)
$K_{p}$	pressure equilibrium constant
$K_{c}$	concentration equilibrium constant
$R$	gas law constant
$T$	temperature (in Kelvin)
$Δ n$	moles of product – moles of reactant

pH	$p H = - \log [H^{+}]$
pOH	$p O H = - \log [O H^{-}]$
(for water)	$p H + p O H = 14$
Pressure/Concentration	$K_{p} = K_{c} (R T)^{Δ n}$
Equilibrium, for a reaction $a A + b B \to c C + d D$	$K_{e q} = \frac{[C]^{c} [D]^{d}}{[A]^{a} [B]^{b}}$

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